Abstract: Objective To investigate the etiology and prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria in children. Methods The etiological factors, clinical features and prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria were analyzed retrospectively in 431 children from Jan. 2001 to Dec . 2014. Results In 431 children (197 males and 234 females) with asymptomatic hematuria, the mean age of first visit was 5.52±2.77 years (8 months-17 years). Four hundred and twenty-five cases had persistent microscopic hematuria and 6 cases had gross hematuria. Three hundred and fifteen cases (73.1%) were glomerular hematuria, among which 286 cases were isolated hematuria, 5 cases were acute glomerulonephritis, 13 cases were minimal change glomerulopathy, 4 cases were IgA nephropathy, 4 cases were mesangial proliferation glomerulonephritis and 3 cases were thin basement membrane nephropathy. One hundred and thirty-six cases (31.5%) were non-glomerular hematuria, among whom 113 cases were left renal vein entrapment syndrome, 17 cases were idiopathic hypercalciuria, 4 cases were kidney stone, 1 case was urinary tract infection and 1 case was left kidney absence. The mean follow-up period was 3.05±2.69 years (0.5-13.5 years). One hundred and forty-five patients showed the resolution of microscopic hematuria, among whom 110 cases (75.8%) had the resolution in 3 years after the first visit. In 24 cases with family history of hematuria, only 6 cases showed the resolution. At the end of the follow-up, renal function remained stable in all children. Conclusions The onset age of asymptomatic hematuria in children varies widely, and most of them are glomerular hematuria. Most children with isolated hematuria show resolution within three years after the first visit. The children with familial hematuria may last longer. The isolated hematuria has good prognosis but needs to be followed up.